Tulsa isn’t the only race massacre you were never taught in school. Here are others.

With President Joe Biden commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Tulsa massacre Tuesday, many Americans are learning for the first time about the nation’s long history of racist massacres, particularly during (but not limited to) the period from 1870s to the 1920s — considered by many a nadir in the fight for Black civil rights.

This new awareness has prompted calls from many, including musician and activist Common, to learn more about these incidents. On Monday, he posted to social media a map of the part of the United States with locations and dates of other racist massacre against Black people. “Pick a massacre and research it!” it read.

The motto here at The Washington Post’s Retropolis is “the past, rediscovered,” and perhaps nowhere is that more apparent than in the changing understanding of these incidents. In the past, they were often misreported as “race riots,” a smokescreen that obscured honest historiography (writing of history).

This list is by no means exhaustive — more of the past is rediscovered every day — nor were Black Americans the only victims of these racist attacks; Indigenous, Hispanic and Asian Americans have also been targeted.

Colfax, La., 1873

This was a direct attack on Black men getting the vote during Reconstruction. After Whites contested the result of the 1872 election, Black men and a mostly Black state militia holed up around the parish courthouse to protect the local government. On Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, they were surrounded by a White mob, which set the courthouse on fire and shot anyone who emerged. It is estimated that 62 to 81 African Americans were killed.

Wilmington, N.C., 1898

This incident is better described as a successful coup d’etat, in which White supremacists overthrew the results of a local election. In the process, they killed dozens of Black people and burned down much of Wilmington’s prosperous Black neighborhood. Black families ran into the woods to hide while others were forced to leave by train, never to return.

Washington, D.C., 1919

For weeks, police and the press, including The Washington Post, whipped up hysteria over an alleged “Negro fiend” attacking White women. Things boiled over on July 19, 1919, with White posses hunting Black men. Violence lasted for nearly a week before it was extinguished by a long summer rain. This is one of the only “race riots” in which more White people may have been killed by Blacks defending themselves — many were soldiers returning home from World War I — than Blacks murdered by White mobs.

Elaine, Ark., 1919

There were dozens of racist attacks and massacres across the country in the Red Summer of 1919. One of the worst was in Elaine, Ark., in which at least 200 Black farmers and their families were slaughtered. The farmers had recently unionized and were planning to bypass the unfair sharecropping system.

Ocoee, Fla., 1920

It was the presidential election during which White women voted for the first time, but for Black Americans, it was more of same: Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement. In Ocoee, Fla., when local Black men and women attempted to vote, White mobs responded by burning a Black church and killing at least six people; some say the death toll was more like 60. Some survivors claimed bodies were dumped in a mass grave, as in Tulsa. Ocoee officials have made no attempt to investigate the claim. City officials apologized and installed a memorial plaque in 2020. It was the worst instance of Election Day violence in American history.

Rosewood, Fla., 1923

Rosewood was a successful Black town in the Florida pine woods until it was burned to the ground by a White mob, seeking revenge for the supposed assault of a White woman. At least six people were killed, perhaps more. Survivors escaped in the nightclothes by wading through swamps. A 1994 law allowed descendants of Rosewood to attend state colleges tuition free — the first example of a legislative body in the U.S. giving reparations to African Americans.