Melting of Juneau Icefield rapidly accelerating, study concludes

The melting of Southeast Alaska’s Juneau Icefield, source of more than 1,000 glaciers, is accelerating, shrinking 4.6 times faster than it was in the 1980s, according to a new study.

Researchers tracked snow levels in the nearly 1,500-square mile expanse going back to 1948, with added data back to the 18th century. It slowly shriveled from its peak size at the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850, but then that melt rate sped up about 10 years ago, according to a study in Tuesday’s Nature Communications.

“What’s happening is that as the climate is changing, we’re getting shorter winters and longer summers,” study lead author Bethan Davies, a glaciologist at Newcastle University in England. “We’re having more melt, longer melt season.”

It’s melting so fast that the flow of ice into water from now averages about 50,000 gallons every second, according to study co-author Mauri Pelto, a professor of environmental science at Nichols College in Massachusetts.

“In fact, glacier shrinkage in Alaska from the year 2000 to the year 2020, we’re losing more ice in Alaska than anywhere else,” Davies said.

Only four Juneau Icefield glaciers melted out of existence between 1948 and 2005. But 64 of them disappeared between 2005 and 2019, the study said. Many of the glaciers were too small to name, but a larger one, Antler Glacier, “is totally gone,” Pelto said.

Alaska climatologist Brian Brettschneider, who was not part of the study, said the acceleration is a warning of “a death spiral” for the thinning icefield.

An icefield is a collection of glaciers, while an ice sheet is something continent-wide, and only two of those remain, in Greenland and Antarctica. The most famous glacier in the Juneau Icefield is the Mendenhall Glacier, a tourist hotspot. The Arctic is warming about four times faster than the rest of the globe with Alaska warming 2.6 degrees (1.5 degrees Celsius) since 1980, according to federal weather data.

“When you go there the changes from year-to-year are so dramatic that it just hits you over the head,” Pelto said.

Pelto first went to the Juneau Icefield in 1981 to try to make the U.S. ski team and has continued to study it since, giving up competitive skiing for research.

“In 1981, it wasn’t too hard to get on and off the glaciers. You just hike up and you could you could ski to the bottom or hike right off the end of these glaciers,” Pelto said. But now they’ve got lakes on the edges from melted snow and crevasses opening up that makes it difficult to ski, he said.

It’s also now like a staircase of bare rocks there, Pelto said. White snow and ice reflect the sun’s heat, the dark rocks absorb it, making the ground warmer, melting more snow in a feedback effect that amplifies and accelerates the warming-triggered melt, the study said.

Key is the snow elevation line. Below the snow line, snow can disappear in the summer, but there’s snow cover year-round above. That snow line keeps moving upward, Pelto said.

The shape of Juneau’s icefield, rather flat, “makes it vulnerable to particular tipping points” because once the snow line moves up, large areas are suddenly more prone to melt, Davies said.

“The tipping point is when that snow line goes above your entire icefield, ice sheet, ice glacier, whichever one,” Pelto said. “And so for the Juneau icefield, 2019, 2018, showed that you are not that far away from that tipping point.”

Even if all the snow in the Juneau Icefield would melt, and that’s a long way away, it would not add much to global sea levels, Pelto said. But it is a big tourist destination and cultural hot spot, Davies said.

“It is worrisome because in the future the Arctic is going to be transformed beyond contemporary recognition,” said Julienne Stroeve, a University of Manitoba ice scientist who wasn’t part of the study. “It’s just another sign of a large transformation in all the ice components (permafrost, sea ice, land ice) that communities depend on.”

Davies said the team was able to get such a long-term picture of the icefield’s melting from satellite images, airplane overflights, pictures stored away in drums in a warehouse and historical local measurements, stitching them all together like a giant jigsaw puzzle with most of the pieces being nearly all white.

Five different outside experts said the research made sense and fits with other observations. Michael Zemp, head of the World Glacier Monitoring Service, said it shows “that we need urgent and tangible actions to save at least some of the remaining ice.”

“We’re 40 years from when I first saw the glacier. And so, 40 years from now, what is it going to look like?” Pelto said. “I do think by then the Juneau icefield will be past the tipping point.”